once, before, formerly...

great-grandchild

great (i.e. great-grandson, great-grandmother)

former visit

Kumaso (ancient Japanese people who lived in southern Kyushu), Kumaso (former province located in present-day Miyazaki Prefecture)

great-grandfather, great-granddad, great-grandad

great-grandmother, great-grandma

Veitch's silver fir (Abies veitchii)

great-grandparents

Soga Monogatari (war chronicle)

unprecedented, unheard-of, record-breaking

Kiso horse (Japanese indigenous horse breed), kisouma

Kiso valley section of the Nakasendo

cutting a person's sidelocks, evenly cut sidelocks (symbol of adulthood for noblewomen in the Heian era), ritual of cutting the sidelocks (coming-of-age ceremony for women from about 1568-1867)

incense variety used in kōdō (orig. from India)

Maries' fir (Abies mariesii)

great-grandfather

great-grandmother

Aesop's Fables (published initially by the Jesuits in 1593)