barbarian

Emishi, Ezo, non-Yamato peoples in northern Japan...

expulsion of foreigners

land of the barbarians

barbarian, savage, foreigner

barbaric custom, barbarian custom

barbarians, aliens

smiling face

fete in honor of Ebisu (honour)

sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)

(in China) 9th note of the ancient chromatic scale (approx. A sharp), seventh lunar month

appearing rustic, ancient song played at the court, comical tanka

Emishi allied with the central government (ritsuryō period)

savages, barbarians

savages, barbarians

crude warrior from the eastern parts of Japan, wild man

warrior from the eastern parts of Japan, eastern barbarians, people east of China (from the perspective of China)

kobus magnolia, Magnolia praecocissima, Magnolia kobus

defeating barbarians (esp. the Emishi), conquering barbarians

appearing rustic, ancient song played at the court, comical tanka

China and foreign countries (from the perspective of China), civilized land and uncivilized land

burning (something) away, burning (something) down

willow-leafed magnolia (Magnolia salicifolia), anise magnolia

upasika (devout female lay follower of Buddhism)

Magnolia praecocissima, shidekobushi Magnolia kobus

parajika (rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life)

the barbarians beyond the borders of old China

incendiary bomb, firebomb

Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis), Jezo spruce

China aster (Callistephus chinensis), Chinese aster, annual aster